Supramolecular salicylic acid ameliorates rosacea-like eruptions by suppressing NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with immunological dysfunction. Supramolecular salicylic acid (SSA) has the properties of keratolytic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. However, the mechanism of SSA in the treatment of rosacea is still unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficiencies and molecular mechanisms of SSA in rosacea. METHODS: Forty mice were randomly divided into four groups (10 in each group): control, LL-37, LL-37 + azelaic acid (AzA), and LL-37 + SSA. Forty µl LL-37 (320 µM) was administered intradermally into the dorsal skin of the mice in the latter 3 groups every 12 h and 4 times altogether (0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h). Twenty % AzA was applied on the eruptions after the first and third LL-37 injection (0 h, 24 h) in LL-37 + AzA group, while 30 % SSA was applied after the first injection (0 h) in LL-37 + SSA group. The redness score and redness area were evaluated. The skin barrier function was measured by the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and pH. The infiltration of inflammatory cells was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: SSA alleviated LL-37-induced rosacea-like inflammation. The increased TEWL and pH induced by LL-37 were also reversed by SSA. In addition, SSA reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and suppressed the production of Toll-like receptor 2, Matrix metallopeptidase 9, kallikrein 5, LL-37 associated with rosacea, and inhibited LL-37-induced NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated inflammasome activation in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that SSA ameliorated LL-37-induced rosacea-like lesions by suppressing NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation in mice.

Ultraintense Zero-Phonon Line from a Mn4+ Red-Emitting Phosphor for High-Quality Backlight Display Applications.

The zero-phonon line (ZPL) of Mn4+, which highly depends on its local environment, is usually much weaker than the vibrational phonon sidebands. In this work, an ultraintense ZPL emission, coming from a brand new red-emitting Rb2LiGaF6:Mn4+ (RLGFM) phosphor upon blue light excitation, is presented. The interesting spectral characteristic originates from the nonequivalent substitution of Mn4+ for Ga3+ in a rigid octahedral structure with a low symmetry, which induces neighboring cation vacancies that distort the local symmetry of the [MnF6] octahedra. Benefiting from the ultraintense ZPL emission, a wide color gamut is achieved using RLGFM and ß-SiAlON:Eu2+ as color converters. Moreover, a comprehensive investigation on the thermal quenching behavior is also conducted to provide detailed insights to explore novel Mn4+ red phosphors for high-quality backlight display applications.

Electronic and optical properties of a novel fluoroaluminate red phosphor Cs2NaAl3F12:Mn4+ with high color purity for white light-emitting diodes.

In this work, a novel fluoroaluminate red phosphor of Cs2NaAl3F12:Mn4+ with excellent color purity was fabricated via the introduction of Mn4+ in the octahedral center. The crystal and electronic structures, luminescence properties and optical performances were characterized and investigated in detail. The evidences showed that Cs2NaAl3F12:Mn4+ well-crystallized into a single phase with particulate morphology, and the non-equivalent occupation in Cs2NaAl3F12 resulted in sharp red emissions with improved color purity upon blue light illumination. For solid-state lighting, the optical parameters consisted of the "blue-yellow-red" contributions significantly improved to a high color-rendering index of 88.7 and a low color temperature of 3856 K, indicating the potential use of Cs2NaAl3F12:Mn4+ for warm white light-emitting diode applications.